An investigation of determinants of public expenditure efficiency in Nigeria: A case study of fiscal management in Kaduna State (2000–2020)
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Background of the Study :
Public expenditure efficiency is critical for ensuring that government spending effectively translates into socio-economic development. In Kaduna State, fiscal management practices have undergone various reforms between 2000 and 2020, aimed at improving transparency, accountability, and resource allocation. Effective fiscal management can reduce wastage, enhance service delivery, and promote sustainable growth (Okonkwo, 2023). Research indicates that factors such as bureaucratic efficiency, robust monitoring systems, and political stability are essential determinants of expenditure efficiency (Adeniyi, 2024). However, challenges such as corruption, administrative inefficiencies, and inconsistent budgeting processes continue to hamper fiscal performance (Chukwu, 2025). This study investigates the determinants of public expenditure efficiency in Kaduna State by analyzing budget execution data, audit reports, and performance outcomes. The goal is to identify the key factors that influence fiscal management and to propose policy recommendations to enhance the efficiency of public spending in Nigeria.
Statement of the Problem
Despite various reforms, public expenditure efficiency in Kaduna State remains suboptimal. Inefficient fund allocation, bureaucratic delays, and corruption have limited the effectiveness of government spending, resulting in inadequate public services and stunted development. This study seeks to identify the determinants that constrain expenditure efficiency and to evaluate the impact of these inefficiencies on overall fiscal performance. Bridging the gap between policy objectives and actual expenditure outcomes is essential for improving fiscal management and ensuring that public funds yield maximum socio-economic benefits (Okonkwo, 2023; Adeniyi, 2024).
Objectives of the Study:
1. To assess the current level of public expenditure efficiency in Kaduna State.
2. To identify factors that hinder effective fiscal management.
3. To propose strategies for enhancing expenditure efficiency.
Research Questions:
1. What are the determinants of expenditure efficiency in Kaduna State?
2. How do bureaucratic and administrative challenges affect fiscal management?
3. What policy measures can improve public expenditure efficiency?
Research Hypotheses:
1. H1: Efficient fiscal management improves expenditure efficiency.
2. H2: Corruption negatively impacts public spending outcomes.
3. H3: Enhanced monitoring and accountability mechanisms increase efficiency.
Significance of the Study (100 words):
This study provides essential insights into the determinants of public expenditure efficiency in Kaduna State. Its findings will inform policymakers on effective fiscal management practices and help design reforms that ensure better utilization of public funds, thereby promoting sustainable development (Chukwu, 2025).
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
The study focuses on Kaduna State’s fiscal management from 2000–2020, based on expenditure and performance data. Limitations include data quality and external political influences.
Definitions of Terms:
1. Public Expenditure Efficiency: The effectiveness of government spending in achieving desired outcomes.
2. Fiscal Management: The processes involved in budgeting, spending, and financial accountability.
3. Kaduna State: A Nigerian state serving as the case study.
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